English Revolution

Two patterns of change:

• Trade
• Cities
• Genoa, Amsterdam, Venice, Lübeck, London
• Natural harbours
• Bourgeoise
• Want more power, at least share it (kind of) with the king)

• Centralizing power
• Larger kingdoms
• Spain, Portugal, France
• More powerful kings
• Louis XIV (known as an absolute monarch)

England

Its like a bourgeoise place, a new form of upper middle class, some even in the parliament.

Three parts to it:

• Civil war
• Charles 1 versus Parliament (tax). He wants to get involved in the 30 year war in Europe. But the parliament refuses to raise the taxes to finance this idea of joining the war. The led into a civil war.
• Cavaliers vs. Round Heads (normal people)
• Charles was executed since the parliament won.

• Dictatorship
• Parliamentarians can´t find consensus (they can´t make up their minds of who to be in charge)
• Oliver Cromwell seizes power
• Wealthy landowner
• The general of the New Model Army (the only army in the country)
• Strong protestant faith
• He rules successfully for about 5 years (1653-1658)

• Restoration
• When Cromwell is gone his son tries to take over but that did not work out so the country turned to the old royal family and Charles 1´s son, Charles II.
• Charles II did a good job and then his brother James II took over.
• James II had a catholic wife and he was a absolutist (did not share the power with the parliament as Charles did).
• James II had a son that was baptised catholic which means there is a chance for a catholic to take the throne. So the parliament started to look for a replacement.

• Glorious Revolution
• William and Mary. Stadtholders Dutch Republic which they do ceremonial appearances for. They were not king and queen, were like the Swedish royal family today, more like post stamps. 
• Mary is the oldest daughter to James II and she is protestant.
• William  is actually Mary´s first cousin since he is the son of Ann who was Charles I child as well, which makes James II and Charles II her siblings.
• William is as well protestant.
• They share power with the parliament.
• They become king and queen and this era is called the Glorious revolution due to:
• It was bloodless
• Parliament more powerful than king (tax)
• Bill of rights
• Subjects equal before the law
• No law suspended by King
• Taxes for military must be approved by Parliament

Two important philosophers that will appear on the test:

• Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
• He is a political philosopher
• Writes the Leviathan (1651)
• He said that political power is coming from the people and not from God.
• "state of nature" . It was a hard life.
• Social contract between king and subjects.
• He thought the leader should give peace and stability.
• He is not a democrat.
• He´s big idea and main thesis is people gives a leader power and give up their independence and so on if the leader provides the people with peace and stability.

• John Locke
• Continued on Hobbes thoughts a bit
• Majority rule basis of government
• Purpose to protect property
• Voters must own property
• Until 1820 only approximately 500 voters (from 8 millions)
• He says that leader and government are there to protect properties
• A very limited democracy

  

Key events:

 1. Hobbes - power from people, not God. 1588-1679

 2. John Locke. 1632-1704

 3. Charles I - executed since parliament won, 1600-1649 (1625 leader)

 4. Civil war - parliament wanted taxes, Charles the first did not. 1642-1651

 5. Dictatorship - who should be in power? Oliver Cromwell, protestant. Rules 5 years successfully. 1599-1658

 6. Restoration - Cromwell son take over? No, he could not. So country turned to the old royal family - Charles I son, Charles II.

 7. James II - catholic family, son baptized take over throne? No says parliament, look for protestant.

Glorious revolution - William and Mary. Parliament chose her because being protestant? Share power. Bloodless, parliament more powerful than king (taxes), Bill of rights.